记叙文的思路与练习 大学英语四级考试写作辅导(1)
记叙文是以叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程为主要表现形式的一种文体。记叙文既可以以写人为主，又可以以写事为主。写记叙文要注意记叙文的“六大要素”即：
时间(When)—— 何时发生，有没有具体时间?
地点(Where)—— 何地发生，有没有地点变化?
人物(Who)—— 何人参与，谁是主角?
事件(What)—— 发生了什么，有何特点?
原因(Why)—— 事件的起因?
结果(How)—— 事件的经过及结局?
一般说来，在一篇记叙文中这六大要素是缺一不可的。
记叙文的思路就围绕这六大要素充分展开。
【例】四级考试中，只出现过一次专门的记叙文体裁的写作，即“An Early Morning Walk”(1988.6.)，2003年6月出现过包含记叙文的作文，即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。
对于“An Early Morning Walk”，知道命题要求后，我们就要开始构思了。
When：题目已规定了是“清晨”，在这个时候，“我”去散步。
Where：到哪儿散步?去公园?在校园里?在街上(街上空气不好，还是不去!)。
Who：在公园里看到晨练的人：中老年人、年轻人、小孩子;在校园里看到读书背单词的学生。
What：人们热火朝天地做操，随音乐跳舞，打球，等等。
Why：清晨空气清新，适合锻炼;一日之际在于晨，背背书，读读单词。
当然，由这个题目可以令人想到很多东西，因篇幅所限，我们做了删减。
参考范文
An Early Morning Walk
One morning I got up very early， and everything around was very quiet. The sun had just risen， shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk. There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees. I strolled along the street toward the park， breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy.
When I arrived at the park， I found， to my surprise， that there were so many people there. Men and women， boys and girls， all were enjoying themselves in their various activities. Some were doing morning exercises， some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully.
I wandered around the park. To my delight， I found a few middle-school students talking to each other in English in one corner of the park. I went up and spoke to them in English. We soon became friends. I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English. On the way home， I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful. Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.
【点评】文章按照时间顺序(in chronological order)，第一句话点明时间(One morning)、人物(第一人称“I”)，并简要描述了早晨的特点(What was the setting)，接着第二段第一句话交代地点(in the park)，然后介绍公园里人们及作者的活动(What was happening)，最后在文章结尾点题，即，归纳中心思想——Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise. 仅仅189个单词既满足了记叙文的“六大要素”，又有明确的中心思想和生动的细节，行文方式符合要求。
1. 以“A Most Unlucky Day”为题，想想该怎么写。注意：题目的中心词是“unlucky”。
When：
Where：
Who：
What：
Why：
How：
参考思路
When：哪一天是最倒霉的日子?考前的晚上?公布成绩的日子?周末?
Where：在大街上违章停车?在学校?在商场?在经常光顾的地方——食堂、餐厅、麦当劳、图书馆、溜冰场、投影厅?
Who：是我倒霉?是好友?你?那个蛋白质室友?
What：拿到罚单?上课上班迟到?失恋?被窃?四级没过?
Why：倒霉嘛，无非是运气不好，睡过头了、态度恶劣、偷懒、不刻苦…
How：一团糟，挨批，心情极度沮丧，不过也无所谓嘛…
想完之后，我们再花点儿功夫将关联的东东挑出来，别忘了本文的中心是“unlucky”。
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