卢小军：考研英语作文中“逗号十二剑法”2
第五剑法：独立主格结构的使用。
例如：
1. Rosy dreams shattered, they are bewildering at the junction: “To be or not to be? That is a question”--- Hamlet’s perplexed monologue are echoing in their ears.
2. “Just listen to this,” she will say, her eyes glowing, her warm fingers pressed to my palm to hold my attention.
3. The U.S. population expanding dramatically, the species of its wildlife has witnessed a corresponding decline in a span of two centuries (1800-2000).
4. He went off, gun in hand.
5. The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside.
6. The meal over, prayers were read by Miss Miller.
两个或两个以上分句间如果主语不一致时要用独立主格结构。所谓“独立主格结构”实质就是带自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句。它按结构形式分为不定式“独立结构”、-ing 分词“独立结构”(如例2、3)、-ed分词“独立结构”(如例1、2)和无动词“独立结构”，即名(代)词+介词短语(如例4)、名(代)词+副词 (如例6)或形容词(如例5)。
第六剑法：形容词或形容词短语做状语的使用。
例如：
1.Disillusioned and disheartened, they are most likely to be collapsed under the weight of life.
2.Living in the warm nestle, safe and sound, they are utterly free from external hardships and ignorant of what the bare reality is like.
3.They swarm into the job market, curious and excited.
形容词常可单独或引起短语做状语，可用来表示原因(如例1)、方式(如例2、3)等。形容词做状语位置比较灵活，可前可后或插在句中。
第七剑法：平行并列结构的使用
1. Studies serve for delight, for ornament and, for ability.
2. They flip back and forth between different tasks, wrestle with vast quantities of information, and face multiple demands that may require different documents and other supporting materials.
3. The solution, according to OSU researchers, is a computer system that tracks what you were doing on each of your tasks, what you were using to accomplish those tasks, where you were when you were interrupted, and even what you may need to do next.
4. In my work at a university, for instance, I might be simultaneously teaching a class, preparing for a meeting, writing a new grand proposal, working on a research project or talking to a reporter.
5. “TaskTracer” system automatically organizes all the materials needed on various projects, and should provide order, simplicity and convenience to a world that is too often paralyzed by information overload.
6. In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first.
平行并列结构的使用使逗号前后几个结构相同﹑词性一致﹑字数相仿的几个部分(一般为三个部分，可简单概括为A,B, and /or C结构)有机地统一衔接了起来，使句式表达衔接紧凑﹑结构整齐﹑节奏铿锵，读起来朗朗上口。此结构中
的三个平行并列部分A,B, and /or C，ABC三部分可以是三个(或更多)名词并列(如例5)，三个(或更多)动词不定式结构并列(如例6)，三个(或更多)动词并列(如例2)，三个(或更多)介词词组或介词结构并列(如例1)，三个(或更多)分词并列(如例4)，三个(或更多)从句并列(如例3)等等。其他平行并列结构还有形容词并列，副词并列，疑问代词或疑问副词加动词不定式结构并列等。
需要指出的是，A,B, and /or C 平行并列结构中，B部分后面的逗号可要可不要，而且这一结构中一般至少是三部分并列，也可能是四个或四个以上部分的并列。不管几个部分平行并列，一般在最后一个并列部分前加and /or。
第八剑法：评注性状语的使用
1. More specifically, two windows, so to speak, of opportunity appear to be opening.
2. Confident of the justice of their cause, they agreed to put their case before the arbitration panel.
3. Better still, it allows China to avoid being locked into a single vendor—and an American one at that.
4. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention.
评注性状语也称作“分离性状语(Disjunct)”，是对整个句子进行说明或解释，表示说话人对话语的看法或态度。评注性状语不与它所评说的句子在结构上紧密结合，通常位于句首，常用逗号与句子隔开。应该注意的是，评注性状语所修饰的不是谓语或谓语动词，而是整个句子。
评注性状语通常由某些副词或副词词组表示(如例1和例4)，也可以是无动
词分句(省略了主语和谓语动词的分句结构)表示(如例2和例3)。同时还可以由介词词组﹑非限定分句或限定分句表示。例如：
5. In my opinion, the theory he advanced can not even hold water.
6. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians , and should best be considered North American.
7. What’s more important, the widespread access to information technologies promises to condense the time required to change from labor-intensive assembly work to industries that involve engineering, marketing, and design.
第十一剑法：状语从句的使用
1. Wall Street peddled NASDAQ and tech-stock products like crazy, even though it was the worst possible time for investors to buy them.
2. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.
3. If William Shakespeare were working today on Broadway or in London’s West End, he would be spending a lot of time with lawyers.
4. Speech recognition software is also included, Dietterich said, so that the outgoing side of each conversation can be recorded and retrieved as another aid to performing the task at hand.
5. When grandmas were cashing in CDs to buy tech funds six years ago, it was time for the rest of us to clear out.
6. It’s one thing to take the dollar into account when you’re making investment decisions, just as you should think about things like interest rates.
7. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.
采用状语从句连接逗号前后的主句和从句也是写作中常用的句法结构。状语从句根据主句与从句的逻辑关系又可具体细分为时间状语从句(如例5)，目的状语从句(如例2和例4)，方式状语从句(如例6)，条件状语从句(如例3)，让步状语从句(如例1)，原因状语从句(如例7)。
第十二剑法：递进重复结构的使用
1. In closing, and pure simplicity, zoos are so much fun, fun for the animals of course.
2. Applause of cheerful roars and howls fill the zoo with hope, hope to see a brighter tomorrow.
3. We all love peace, peace all over the world.
4. Now came the experience, the experience that I believe to be far commoner with women writers than with men.
5. To speak without figure she had thought of something, something about the body, about the passions which it was unfitting for her as a woman to say.
重复关键词，在语义上逗号后面部分具体说明﹑补充或进一步引申﹑递进逗号前面部分的内容，而不是文字上简单的重复。
本文地址：http://www.dioenglish.com/writing/englishtest/kaoyan/50110.html
