英语六级写作句法的正确与句式的多样
I. 句法正确
(一)句子结构
§1. 一主一谓
一个简单句只能有一个主谓结构。其中可以有两个或以上并列谓语,但不可以在主语前后各有一个谓语。
§2. 关系清楚
两个简单句不可以仅仅用逗号连接;
如为并列关系,须用并列连词,如and, or, but, so, for, while等;
如为主从关系,须在从句之前加从属连词,如since,because,if等;
否则,两句要用句号、分号、问号或感叹号隔开。
§3. 主次分明
一个大句里面的两个小句只可能是并列的分句,或主句和从句,不可能都是从句,因此不得同时使用两个连词。
§4. 主谓完整
英语句子必须有主语和谓语
§5. 语序规范
1)特殊疑问句通常用倒装语序:“特殊疑问词 + 助动词+主语和其他部分”,除非特殊疑问词在句中作主语或修饰主语。
2)间接引语或从句用陈述语序。
§6. 连词正确
1)介词后通常不接that从句
2)先行词是人时,定语从句引导词为who 或that
3)在表示“……的”意思时,定语从句引导词为whose
(二)名词
单数可数名词通常不单独使用,要加上限定词,如冠词、代词,或用复数形式。(在某些固定词组中例外,如go to church, go to college, put sb. into prison)
(三)动词
1.时态
写作中多用一般现在时,尤其在发表观点时。
用一般过去时通常明确指过去发生的事情,一般有过去时间词。
描述图画时多用现在进行时。
描述图表中具体年份的数据通常用一般过去时。
§2.单复数
在一般现在时、现在完成时、现在进行时、过去进行时中,如果主语是第三人称单数,谓语要用单数形式。
§3.动词关系
两个及以上谓语动词不可简单并列或仅用逗号连接,应加连接词,或其中一部分变为非谓语形式或另一个句子。
They throw their rubbish away carelessly, seriously pollute the environment.
They throw their rubbish away carelessly, seriously polluting the environment.
They throw their rubbish away carelessly and seriously pollute the environment.
They throw their rubbish away carelessly, which seriously pollutes the environment.
§4.语态
英语很多词表示“使某人……”,在应用中往往用被动形式,表示“(人)感到……”,尤其是表示心理状态的词,如excite,satisfy, annoy, surprise, frighten, worry, concern等,还有addict, accustom, confront等。
§5.非谓语动词
1)使役动词make, let, have后接宾语再加不定式作补语时,不定式不带to
2)动词原形不可以作主语,须改为非谓语形式,即动名词或不定式。不定式往往表示特定的或尚未发生的动作,而动名词表示一般的、经常存在的动作或状态。
3)分词作状语,其逻辑主语要与句子主语一致。
(四)代词
同一句中,代词与所替代的名词以及代词与代词之间在人称和单复数两方面都要一致。
(五)冠词
1. 可数名词表示一类人或事物时,要么加冠词,要么变复数
2. 单词开头的字母u发本身音时,前面的冠词不用an 。
3. 表示季节、月份、星期几等时间词前面通常不加冠词。
4. 通常来说,特指某个范围的人或事物则加the,否则就不用
(六)词性
1)作定语和表语通常用形容词而非副词
2)修饰形容词或副词,应用副词
(七)标点符号及大小写错误
Because只有在回答由Why引起的疑问句时才单独引导一个简单句,否则只作从属连词连接主句和从句。
句号要点圆,逗号要出撇
II. 句式多样
(一)非谓语动词
1. 动名词作主语
鉴于这种情况,找到方法来确保食品安全/解决这个问题就变得越来越迫切了。
Such being the case, finding ways to ensure food safety / tackle the problem has become increasingly urgent.
2.不定式作主语
Such being the case, it has become increasingly urgent to find ways to ensure food safety.
首先,必须立法规定,生产和销售劣质食品等同于故意伤害或故意杀人。
In the first place, it must be legislated that to produce and sell substandard food equals intentional injury or killing.
3. 分词作状语
1)原因状语
受经济利益驱使,一些生产者丧尽天良,违规生产。
Driven by economic interest, some producers have lost their conscience and resorted to illegal means of production.
2)方式状语
看看周围,可以发现例子不胜枚举。
Taking a look around, one can find examples too many to enumerate.
3)伴随状语
那位妻子正在等着做饭,面前锅里的油已经冒烟了。
The wife is waiting to cook, the oil already smoking in the pot in front of her.
(二)从句
1. 主语从句
其次,公众必须提高食品安全意识,做好自我保护, 防范劣质食品。
In the second place, it is imperative that the public enhance their awareness of food safety and protect themselves against food of inferior quality.
2. 表语从句
春运高峰前总是听到这样的报道:三年以后将解决一票难求的问题。
A report consistently heard before the rush of the Spring Festival traffic is that the difficulty in buying train tickets will become a thing of the past in three years.
3. 同位语从句
三年以后将解决一票难求的问题 — 这样的报道已经连续听了二十年。
The report that the difficulty in buying train tickets will disappear in three years has been heard for two decades on end.
几乎人人都注意到了这一事实:中国食品不够安全。
Almost no one can have failed to notice the fact that food is insufficiently safe in China.
4. 非限制性定语从句
1)首先,我国还缺乏严厉的法律及其严格的执行,这造成了不诚实行为的猖獗。
First and foremost, there still lack severe laws and their rigorous enforcement in this country, which contributes to the rampancy of dishonest behavior.
2)众所周知,目前中国很多食品在质量方面是有问题的。
A high proportion of food in China today, as we all know, is problematic in terms of quality.
(三)倒装
1. 部分倒装
1)只有随着这些措施的采取,我们才能期待一个更光明的未来。
Only with these measures taken can we expect a brighter future.
2)尽管图画很简单,但它所传达的寓意却很深刻。
Simple as the picture is, the message it conveys is profound.
3)如果这一趋势继续下去,社会将会道德沦丧。(P123)
Should this trend continue, the society would be ruined morally.
2. 完全倒装
在两只熊的后面站着一群企鹅,它们也因气候变暖而无家可归了。
Behind the two bears stand a group of penguins, who have also become homeless because of the warming climate.
(四)被动
我个人认为, 应该从以下两方面采取措施。
Personally, I believe that measures should be taken in the following two aspects.
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