2014年雅思写作指导：7分标准

　　雅思写作的7分标准

　　(a). task response:

　　• addresses all parts of the task

　　• presents a clear position throughout the reponse

　　• presents, extend and supports main ideas, but there may be a tendency to over-generalise and/or supporting ideas may lack focus.

　　用中文最简单的理解是：首尾都要回答问题，允许泛泛而谈。这就是说，我们没必要花太多的精力去考虑观点是否绝对严谨是否意义深刻，关键是要告诉考官你的思考逻辑。这就是剑桥雅思的魅力，它要考你的不是你的思维能力，而是你的语言表达能力。哪怕在ridiculous的观点，只要你能用最恰当的语言去表达，你也可以同样得7分(当然，如果你的目标是8分，你就当我痴人说话吧)。还有就是说，很多题目本身包含很广泛的概念，很多大学教授用十几万字都解释不清的关系，怎么就能让我们这些门外汉用三言两语就解释好呢。说了这么多，我想说的是，如果你从一开始就习惯背诵满分作文，习惯复制别人的观点，这样的复习方法会很吃力(我不敢说是错的，那是确实低效，甚至有赌博成分)，事倍功半。毕竟我们都是正常人，我们都有自己的思考能力和理解能力，我们说的每一个观点都是make sense，不make sense的是我们没把那个观点说清楚。

　　(b). coherence and cohesion

　　• logically organises information and ideas, there is clear progression throughout

　　• lises a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some under-or over use

　　• presents a clear topic within each paragragh

　　用中文最简单的意思是：分段分点，每点之前必须有连接词。这一点非常非常容易达到(我总结了大量这样的词汇，明天或者后天上传上来)。然后那个考官最为推介的范式(以argumentation的题目为例，因为report类的文章更死板了)：开头段+主体段(让步一段，支持(反对)两段)+结尾段。其实说白了，就是我们最熟悉不过的模版。 也就是说，模版是非常有用的，之所以变成没用(serve no helpful purpose)是因为用模范的那个人没有用(想起粤语里面的一句歇后语，叫“太监撒尿”)。至于怎么用模版才能变得不落于俗套，下文回答问题7的时候会有详细分析。

　　(c). lexcial resource

　　• uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision

　　• uses less common lexical items with some awareness of style and collocation

　　• may produce occasional erros in word choice, spelling and/or word formation

　　用中文最简单的意思是：足够就好，不需要多;一两个大词就够，不需要滥。一说到单词，相信我们并不陌生，甚至认为学英语就是背单词，写作就是单词的选美与堆砌。尽管我们都知道这是不对的，但是依旧默默地坚持着，比如说背诵一大堆同义词代换，一大堆除了莎士比亚见过之外其他人都没见过的大词。这样的复习会很累而且会逐渐把雅思写作从逻辑表述变成词汇大杂烩。至于何谓是足够的单词，何谓是less common lexical items，这就是问题6的范畴了。经过我写了大概30篇雅思作文，我觉得我们需要的词汇其实真的不多(我的词汇表一定会upload上来，估计在明天或者后天)。我想说的是，记单词最好的方法是，把单词放到句型或者例句上面来，然后句型或者例句一定要与雅思写作topic 相关。如果不相关，证明那个词就算记住了，也不会用。

　　(d). Grammatical range and accuracy

　　• uses a variety of complex structures

　　• produces frequent error-free sentences

　　• has good control of grammar and punctuation but may make a few mistake

　　用中文最简单的意思是：句子结构多样性和允许语法错误的存在。对于句子结构多样性，这一点，我觉得我们中国学生肯定没问题的，什么定语从句，什么名词性从句，什么状语从句，倒装句，虚拟语态，被动语态等，我们只会过犹不及。从我的个人经验来看，我有时候会把定语从句和同位语从句搞乱(并不是我们不知道有什么不同，而是一紧张就很容易忽视了)。说到语法错误，我可以说，我们中国学生最最最常犯的语法错误都是非常低级(请参考part.4内容)。

　　Part 3. 雅思写作7分所需要的词汇

　　(a). 雅思写作必备连词--只要掌握了这些连词，就能符合到coherence and cohesion 7分以上的要求

　　以下为英语写作(雅思写作，学术论文等)必备的连词汇总。以下的内容参考了悉尼大学本科学生orientation handbook里面关于如何preparing for essays的总结，再加上本人的积累。有些连词与下面的句型汇总重合，请以句型汇总为重点。对于应该雅思写作和大学学术论文绝对绰绰有余，希望能帮助大家。

　　为了更好地分享我的经验，我将以下的词语划分成三组

　　• 用下划线highlight的是适用那些总感觉雅思写作写不长、写不满250字、需要灌水的同学

　　• 用粗体highlight的是适用于那些每次都写得太长、写爆格，务实的同学

　　• 用斜体highlight的是适用于那些有强烈大词欲，渴望用大词整死考官的同学

　　• To signal sequence or addition

　　Accordingly, actually, additionally, afterwards, again, also, and, another, as was previously stated, as well as, at the same time, besides this, consistent with this, correspondingly, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, in addition, in a like manner, in the first place, in the same way, including, initially, last, likewise, more importantly, moreover, next, originally, overall, primarily, similarly, to begin with, too, what is more.

　　• To signal time

　　After, afterward, as long as, at first, at last, at length, at the same time, before, concurrently, currently, during, finally, following, immediately, in the future, in the meantime, last but not least, later, meanwhile, next, once, presently, rarely, simultaneously, sometimes, subsequently, then, this time, until, until then, whenever, while.

　　• To show results

　　Accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in other words, in that case, it follows that, it is evident that, otherwise, owing to, resulting from this, so it can be seen that, that being the case, therefore this implies, this suggests that, thus, under these circumstances.

　　• To introduce evidence/support/reasons

　　Contradictory to this, contrarily, in support of this, it follows, this is clear because, the evidence for・・・is, the reasons for・・・are, this is supported by, to affirm this, to attest to this, to corroborate, to explain, to further confirm, to further verify, to list, to substantiate this, in substantiation.

　　• To signal repetition, summary, or conclusion

　　Accordingly, all in all, all together, as a final point, as a result, as I have noted, as indicated earlier, as mentioned, as previously stated, as we have seen, briefly, by and large, consequently, finally, given these facts, hence, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in short, in summary, to sum up, in summation, on the whole, overall, since, so, summing up, then, therefore, thus, thus we can see that, to conclude, to recapitulate, to repeat, to review.

　　• To introduce causes or effects

　　Accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, due to, for as much as, for that reason, hence, in as much as, in that, in view of, on account of, owing, since, then, therefore, thus, to narrow the focus, after all, from this perspective, from this point of view, given this context, in fact, in order to, in other words, in particular, in this case, in this context, indeed, particularly, put another way, specifically, that is, this is particularly true when, under certain, circumstances, up to a point, with this in mind.

　　• To contrast,

　　After all, although, alternately, and yet, at the same time, be that as it may, bu, contrastingly, conversely, despite, dissimilarly, even though, for all that, however, in contrast, in contrast to this, in opposition to this, in reality, in spite of this, inconsistent with this is that, instead, meanwhile, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, paradoxically, rather than, regardless of, still, though, whereas, when in fact, yet.

　　• To compare

　　Also, analogous to, another similar issue is, at the same time, by the same token, equally, in comparison, in like manner, in similar fashion, in the same way, likewise, similarly.

　　• To clarify

　　In other words, that is, that is to say, this means that, to clarify, to elaborate, to explain, to paraphrase, to put it another way.

　　• To show purpose

　　In order to, in the hope that, for the purpose, with this end, to the end that, with this objective

　　• To dismiss

　　All the same, at any rate, either way, in any event, in either case, whatever happens.

　　• To signal concession

　　Admittedly, albeit, although it is true that certainly, even so, granted, it may appear that, knowing this, naturally, of course, this is only the case when, while this is true, while it may seem that.

　　• To signify a condition

　　Granting that, in the event of, on the condition that, providing that, so long as

　　• To prove examples

　　As an illustration, by way of example, for example, for instance, in particular, in support of this, notably, to demonstrate, to elaborate, to exemplify, to highlight, to illustrate, specifically, that is.

　　• To reference

　　Concerning this, considering this, with respect to, with regards to

　　• To emphasise

　　Above all, as a matter of fact, certainly, chiefly, especially, importantly, in any case, in particular, indeed, it must be emphasised, that, mainly, mostly, notably, obviously, of course, particularly, primarily, specifically, truly, undoubtedly.

　　(b). 雅思写作必备同义词代换--只要掌握了这些连词，就能游刃有余地驾驭我们想要表达的观点，满足lexcial resource 7分要求

　　对于雅思写作，总有那么一个问题绕不开，那就是我们究竟需要积累多少个单词才能写出一篇能够完整表达我们观点的文章。有的老师说最起码要有6级的词汇量，有的老师(慎小嶷)说熟记286个单词就足够~~根据本人的经验，我觉得在一开始备考的时候，完全没有必要去考虑我们究竟需要多少个单词，因为在没有练笔就开始记单词的情况，我们的思路往往受我们所记过的单词的影响。在这样的惯性下，我们很可能很生硬地套用单词，而不是自然而然地抒发观点。我觉得只有在自己平时充分练笔(我自己大概写了30多篇雅思作文)的前提下，我们才知道我们自己究竟需要什么样的单词和词组，需要多少的同义词代换~~我的经验是：不要让单词成为自己的负担，最好是边写边积累，毕竟我们不是考GRE。哪怕是GRE词汇的巨人也可能成为雅思写作的侏儒~~关键是用词准确到位，清晰表达观点

　　以下是经过我30篇雅思写作练笔之后总结出来的75组必备的同义词代换，如果能熟练掌握，必定能让你们在驾驭和阐述观点的时候变得游刃有余~~其实不单单是为了雅思写作，出国留学不能避免的就是每个学期排山倒海的individual assignments和group works，相信以下的词汇对大家是有帮助的。

　　中性动词

　　1. 导致：v. cause, bring about, give rise to, lead to, generate, create, Be a contributing factor to

　　2. 认为：v. point out, argue, claim, assert, think, consider

　　3. 强调：v. emphasize, bring/call attention to, accentuate, heighten, strengthen

　　4. 集中：v. focus on, concentrate on

　　5. 解决：v. combat, address, tackle, resolve, solve

　　6. 从事：v. carry out, conduct, perform

　　7. 承认：v. concede, admit, acknowledge, accept, allow, grant

　　正向动词

　　1. 支持：v. support, advocate, agree with

　　2. 增加：v. increase, grow, rise, enlarge

　　n. increase, growth, rise, enlargement

　　3. 改善：v. improve, enhance, upgrade, boost

　　n. improvement, enhancement, boom

　　4. 扩张：v. expand, enlarge, extend, widen, broaden

　　n. expansion, enlargement, extension

　　5. 提高：v. augment, increase, develop, intensify

　　n. augment, increase, development

　　6. 发展：v. develop, advance, grow, evolve, flourish

　　n. development, advancement, growth, flourishing

　　7. 产生：v. develop, come into being/existence, come about

　　8. 获得：v. acquire, gain, get, obtain, attain

　　9. 执行：v. implement, execute, put into effect, perform

　　n. implementation, performance

　　10. 实现：v. achieve, fulfill, gain, accomplish, attain

　　n. achievement, accomplishment, attainment

　　11. 开始：v. commence, begin, start

　　n. commencement, beginning, start

　　12. 促进：v. promote, further, advance, encourage, stimulate, foster

　　n. promotion, advancement

　　13. 鼓励：v. stimulate, encourage, act as stimulus, motivate

　　n. encouragement, incentive, motivation

　　14. 唤起：v. arouse, cause, induce, prompt, trigger, spark off

　　15. 需要：v. call for, demand, require

　　16. 取代：v. replace, take the place of, substitute for

　　n. replacement, substitution for, in place of

　　17. 加快：v. accelerate, speed up, quicken

　　n. Acceleration, speeding up

　　18. 减轻：v. abate, lessen, reduce, alleviate, mitigate

　　n. abatement, lessening, alleviation, mitigation

　　19. 保护：v. protect, preserve, conserve

　　n. protection, preservation, conservation

　　20. 保卫：v. safeguard, defend, shield

　　n. safeguard, defence, shelter

　　21. 建立：v. establish, set up, found, construct

　　n. establishment, foundation, construction

　　22. 遵守(规则，法律)：abide by, comply with, follow, respect, act in accordance with

　　23. 允许：v. allow, permit, give the means to, facilitate

　　负向动词

　　1. 反对：v. object, raise objections, oppose

　　2. 减少：v. decrease, lower, reduce, cut down

　　n. decrease, reduction, drop, decline

　　3. 耗尽：v. deplete, exhaust, use up

　　n. depletion, exhaustion, using up,

　　4. 阻碍：v. hamper, hinder, obstruct, impede, inhibit

　　n. hindrance, obstruction, obstacle, impediment

　　5. 限制：v. limit, curb, restrict, place a limit on

　　n. limit, restriction

　　6. 危及：v. endanger, imperil, jeopardize, put at risk

　　7. 衰败：v. deteriorate, degrade, degenerate, rot

　　n. deterioration, degeneration

　　8. 恶化：v. exacerbate, aggravate, worsen, inflame

　　n. exacerbation, aggravation, worsening

　　9. 加剧：v. intensify, escalate, sharpen, aggravate

　　n. escalation, intensification, aggravation

　　10. 破坏：v. damage, destroy, ruin, devastate

　　n. damage, destruction, ruin, devastation

　　adj. devastating, destructive

　　11. 污染：v. pollute, contaminate

　　n. pollution, contamination

　　12. 败坏：v. pervert, corrupt, deprave, lead astray, debase

　　13. 扭曲：v. distort, pervert, misrepresent, falsify, misstate, misreport

　　14. 削弱：v. weaken, undermine, impair, invalidate

　　15. 干涉：v. interfere in/with, intervene in, impinge on/upon(侵犯)

　　n. interference/intervention/involvement in/with

　　16. 侵犯：v. encroach on/upon (time/rights/personal life)

　　n. encroachment on/upon = impinging on/upon

　　17. 与・・・相违背/相矛盾：run counter to = run contrary to

　　Contradict (each other)= conflict with = be at odds with sth

　　18. 误解：v. misunderstand, misapprehend, misinterpret

　　n. misunderstanding, misapprehension, misinterpretation

　　19. 逃避：v. escape, break out, evade, elude

　　20. 遭受：v. suffer from, be stricken with, be afflicted with

　　21. 违反：v. violate, disobey, transgress, infringe

　　n. violation, infringement, contravention, breach

　　22. 忽视：v. lose sight of, ignore, neglect

　　23. 疏远：v. alienate, isolate, become/get estranged from

　　n. alienation, isolation, estrangement

　　其他重要的同义词代换

　　1. 大量的：enormous, massive, tremendous, considerable

　　2. 重要的：significant, substantial, crucial, important

　　3. 严重的：adj. severe, serious, acute, drastic

　　adv. severely, seriously, acutely, drastically

　　4. 有害的：adj. hazardous, dangerous, harmful

　　5. 贫穷的：adj. poor, poverty-stricken, destitute, impoverished

　　6. 富有的：adj. rich, wealthy, affluent

　　7. 差距：n. gap, disparity, divergence

　　8. 积极的：beneficial, advantageous

　　9. 消极的：baneful, detrimental

　　10. 明显的：manifest, obvious, evident, apparent

　　11. 影响：impact, repercussion, effect, ramification

　　12. 人类：the human race, human being, humankind, humanity

　　13. 当代：in current society, in this day and age, in present-day society, in contemporary society

　　14. 传统的：traditional, conventional, old-fashioned

　　15. 健康的：healthy, vigorous, robust

　　16. 有营养的：nutritious, nourishing, wholesome, healthy

　　常用的正向形容词

　　Adequate/ basic/ broad/ general/ sufficient 充分的/ 基本的/ 宽泛的/ 大概的/ 足够的

　　Penetrating/ profound/ revealing/ remarkable/ proper/ thorough

　　入木三分的/ 深刻的/ 发人心省的/ 出色的/ 正确的/ 彻底的

　　Original/ unique/ fresh/ rare/ clear/ fascinating/ interesting

　　独到的/ 独特的/ 新鲜的/ 少有的/ 清楚的/ 生动的/ 有趣的

　　Significant/ substantial/ considerable

　　常用的负向形容词

　　Unethical/ immoral/ unscrupulous/ unprincipled 不道德的

　　Antisocial/ unacceptable/ undesirable 反社会的/ 不能接受的/ 令人不快的

　　Aggressive/ criminal/ disruptive/ violent 挑衅的/ 犯罪的/ 扰乱的/ 暴力的

　　Notorious/ appalling/ vicious/ bloody 臭名昭著的/ 令人震惊的/ 令人发指的/ 血腥的

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